How the kidney carries out its roles of Osmoregulation
- The tissue layers surrounding each cell must be isotonic with the cytoplasm of the cells. This means that the amount of water going into and out of the cell is equal and the cells will remain the same size shape and function.
- The danger to the tissue is the blood circulating into the tissue would be concentrated - causing a hypertonic tissue fluid.
- It could also be very dilute causing a hypotonic tissue fluid.
- Both hypertonic and hypotonic tissue fluids are undesirable - Hypertonic removes too much water
- Hypotonic adds too much water
- The tissue fluid is Isotonic to the cell cytoplasm by controlling the composition of blood - blood controls the tissue fluid.
- It is the job of the kidney to control the composition of our blood.
By controlling the content of water and salts in the blood, the kidney can keep the blood and therefore the tissue fluid Isotonic with the cells cytoplasm, maintaining the function of the cells.
The role of the Placenta in the nutrition of the Developing Embryo =
- When the child is in the uterus, it cannot digest, breathe, excrete
- Child digests through placenta structure / Umbilical Cord
- Placenta, biologically grows out of the embryo - not the mother
- Blood vessel inside the placenta are the child's blood vessels including the arteries and veins
- Glucose, Amino Acids, Fats inside mothers blood vessels cross into child's blood - crossing at the placenta.
Lab technicians compile karyotypes and then use a specific notation to characterize the karyotype. This notation includes the total number of chromosomes, the sex chromosomes, and any extra or missing autosomal chromosomes. For example, 47, XY, +18 indicates that the patient has 47 chromosomes, is a male, and has an extra autosomal chromosome 18. 46, XX is a female with a normal number of chromosomes. 47, XXY is a patient with an extra sex chromosome. B 1. What notation would you use to characterize Patient B's karyotype?
Making a diagnosis
The next step is to either diagnose or rule out a chromosomal abnormality. In a patient with a normal number of chromosomes, each pair will have only two chromosomes. Having an extra or missing chromosome usually renders a fetus inviable. In cases where the fetus makes it to term, there are unique clinical features depending on which chromosome is affected. Listed below are some syndromes caused by an abnormal number of chromosomes. B 2. What diagnosis would you give patient B?
Diagnosis
Chromosomal Abnormality
Normal # of chromosomes
patient's problems are due to something other than an abnormal number of chromosomes.
Lab technicians compile karyotypes and then use a specific notation to characterize the karyotype. This notation includes the total number of chromosomes, the sex chromosomes, and any extra or missing autosomal chromosomes. For example, 47, XY, +18 indicates that the patient has 47 chromosomes, is a male, and has an extra autosomal chromosome 18. 46, XX is a female with a normal number of chromosomes. 47, XXY is a patient with an extra sex chromosome. A 1. What notation would you use to characterize Patient A's karyotype?
Making a diagnosis
The next step is to either diagnose or rule out a chromosomal abnormality. In a patient with a normal number of chromosomes, each pair will have only two chromosomes. Having an extra or missing chromosome usually renders a fetus inviable. In cases where the fetus makes it to term, there are unique clinical features depending on which chromosome is affected. Listed below are some syndromes caused by an abnormal number of chromosomes. A 2. What diagnosis would you give patient A?
Diagnosis
Chromosomal Abnormality
Normal # of chromosomes
patient's problems are due to something other than an abnormal number of chromosomes.
- Chromosomes = genetic information of the cell
- Different organisms have different amount of chromosomes
- e.g. Cats have 38, Chickens have 78, Chimp has 42, and Humans have 46
- Chromosomes are known to operate in pairs = "Homologous Pairs"
- Pollen Nucleus will fertilise the Ovule
- formation of the Zygote - grow into the embryonic plant
- Outside the Ovule forms a seed coat = TESTA
- Cotyledon = food store for the seedlings
= supports the plant till it develops a fresh sets of leaves
>Describing differences between Sexual and Asexual Reproduction<
- Gametes = Cells
- Type of cell division that produces Gametes is called Meiosis
- Effects = 1/2 the total adult number of male chromosomes in the Gametes Cell
- Total Number of cells in an adult human male = 46 cells
- Total Number of cells in an adult Gametes male = 23 cells
Burning Fossil Fuels causes air Pollution. They release gases such as Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides. We burn fossil fuels in cars, Power Stations, and our homes and factories to produce Energy. These gases cause problems such as Acid Rain and Global Warming.
-Brought about by Polution: CO2, CH4, Water Vapour
-These gases increase their concentration in the upper atmosphere-Infared would be increasingly emmited back into the earth rather than released.
-Results in an increase in the earths temperature- melting in ice caps - raised sea levels - climates change - winds generated.
-Change in distribution of biomas - vegetation, ecosystem.
-Human activities contribute to Greenhouse Gases:
-Burning of Fossil Fules = CO2, NO2, SO2 which absords Infared light.
-Farming (animals) digestion of crops = emit ethane gas 9%
-Evaporation of water from water vapour (clouds)
-Refridgeration- solvents and propelents = Chlorine, Carbon, Florine - absorbtion of Ultraviolet Light
a) UV light from the sun-high energy.
b) 50% of this light is reflected back into deep space.
c) absorbtion in the earths surface-UV light is converted and emitted as Infared.
d) Infared light space-heat
f) greenhouse gases e.g. water vapour, CO2, CH4 ...
g)re-emits infared
Pollution of air by sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide:
-Sulphure Dioxide (gas) is added to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels in factories and vihicles.
- In the atmosphere Sulphur Dioxide mixes with water to create Sulphuric Acid.
- Acid Rain (from Sulphuric Acid) effects plants and animals-they burn and cannot grow.
-Acid Rain in lakes reduce pH which makes them acidic and this effects the fish by causing a thickening of the mucus that lines the gills and reduces the fishes ablity to take in oxygen from the water, which eventually kills the fish.
-Carbon Monoxide is produced when Fossil fules-Cole burns with insufficient oxygen.
-Carbon Monoxide combines with Haemoglobin and forms the molecule: Carbamenohaemeglobin
- blocks haemoglobin from carrying oxygen.
-A simple food chain would need a producer (grass), which would be eaten by the primary consumer (mice), which would be eaten by the secondary consumer (owl),
-The grass has 100kj which will be eaten by the mice but only 10kj from the original 100kj becomes part of the mice because it can only digest certain parts of the plant.
-The rest of the 90kj will be lost through respiration or faeces (undugested marerial).
-When the owl eats the mice, it will only be able to take in 1kj from the 10kj of the mice.
-Producer turns light energy into chemical energy and this chemical energy takes the form of Organic Molecules including: carbohydrates, protiens, lipids.
-These molecules in the producer is food to the primary consumer; the moleculs in the primary consumer is food to the secondary consumer; the molecules in the secondary consumer is food to the tertiary consumer.
-These moleculs are composed of:
Carbon - Hydrogen
Carbon - Oxygen
Carbon - Carbon
Oxygen - Hydrogen
Carbon - Nitrogen bonds
-These bonds all represent energy
-As the plant carries out photosynthesis, it creates the organic molecules which are the substances and contains the energy which was turned from sunlight into chemical energy.
-The substances/matter and energy are passed along the food chain.
-Food Web allows us to provide a better description of the Ecosystem.
-Ecosystem is composed of the community of organisms which are interacting.
-Food Web allows us to show organisms feeding at different trophic levels.
Consiquences of feeding at different trophic levels:
-Organisms can have multiple predators
-Organisms feeding on multiple prey
-This results in the foodchain becoming 'linked'.
- Producer turns light energy into chemical energy
- Primary Consumer takes in the chemical energy of the plant and turns it into the chemical energy of the Primary Consumer.
- Secondary Consumer changes the chemical energy of the Primary Consumer into chemical energy of the Secondary Consumer.
- Tertiary Consumers take in the molecules of the Secondary consumer and turns it into a molecule suitable for the Tertiary Consumer.
Use of Quadrates as a Technique for sampling the distribution of organisms in their habitats:
- Use the Quadrate technique to sample the population (Daisy) in a area.
The sample has to be:
- picked at random so there is no Bias.
- representative - has to be a large amount so the estimate of the population has to be as close to the true population as possible.
- The bigger the number of representative sample, the better.
- 10 quadrates / 10% of the actual area
Estimate the population of (Daisys) in the field:
Compare te number of (Daisys) in two or more different areas:
Add up the number of (Daisys) per m2, divide by the number of quadrates, = number of (Daisys) per m2
- Quadrates are used to estimate the population size of an organism in two different areas.
- First thing you need to do is count the number of individuals in the population.
- Quadrating is based on squares and these squares can be made up of anything including wood, string, or metal.
- Grids can measure from 0.25m up to 1m
- The Quadrate is used to sample the area. You can take a sample from an area and count the number of individuals inside the area and this would be repeated a number of times to gain an estimate of the population size
-Quadrates are a method of sampling different locations so that populations can be compared within the two different locations.
-Habitat refers to
- Daylight/dark
- Temperature
- Rainfall
- Humidity
- Slope of the land
-Community refers to
- Population - number of individuals if each species
- Species - breeding fertile offspring
- Interacting - feeding (food chains/ food webs)
-Community of organisms is made up of a population of different species interacting.
- Population of different species is the number of individuals of a particular species.
- Interacting if the feeding of the animals.
- Species is the organisms which reproduce to give fertile offspring.
SUMMARY
-Ecosystem is a community of organisms in a particular habitat.
-The community is made up of different populations of the different species interacting within that habitat.
-When the pollen grain lands on the Stigma, it travels down the pollen tube and enters the ovule.
-When the pollen grain fertilises with the ovule;
- Zygote will form and later the Zygotes will later divide and turn into an embryo.
- Seed coat called the Testa will form outside of the ovule.
- Cotyledons form inside the ovary, the Cotyledons store food for the seedlings.
- The wall of the ovary thickens because it starts to store foods such as protein, sugars etc. and starts to form a fruit.
-In the process of pollination, there has to be a transfer of pollen grains from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of another.
-Pollen is a small structure of the plant which contains the male neuclei.
-The transfer of Insect Pollination takes place by Insects. And so it is neccessary for the insect to be attracted by the first flower and have a reason to go into the second flower.
-The pollen of one plant going into another is called 'Cross Polination'.
-Things attracting the Insects: coloured petals, Scents, Value to the insect for going to the plant is food which is fructose/nectaties.
-Stamen is the male part of the plant which produces the pollen granes. The anther and the fillament form the stamen.
-The female part of the plant contains Stigme, Style, Ovary. This whole structure is called the CARPOL.
-Branching pattern increases the surface area of which water can be taken in/the absorbtion of water.
-The hair on the surface of the ends of the roots of the plants are called the root hair cells. And the microscopic examination reveals that these are the Epidermal cells.
-The extension of the cell wall of the epidermal cells is what is known as 'Root Hair Cells' which have more surface area for the absorbtion of water.
-The machanism by which plants absorb water involve the active transport of minerals. This then encourages the plants to take up more water by Osmosis.
-OSMOSIS - water moves from the dilute region (soil water surrounding the root hairs) to the concentrated region (build up of minerals inside the extended cell wall of the root hair cells).
-Water then moves across the cortex to the xylem by Osmosis.
-The concentration of minerals in the root hair brings about the osmosis of water.
