(I)GCSE Topic 4.12 Greenhouse Effect

a) UV light from the sun-high energy.
b) 50% of this light is reflected back into deep space.
c) absorbtion in the earths surface-UV light is converted and emitted as Infared.
d) Infared light space-heat
f) greenhouse gases e.g. water vapour, CO2, CH4 ...
g)re-emits infared

(I)GCSE Topic 4.11 Gas Pollution

Pollution of air by sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide:

-Sulphure Dioxide (gas) is added to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels in factories and vihicles.
- In the atmosphere Sulphur Dioxide mixes with water to create Sulphuric Acid.
- Acid Rain (from Sulphuric Acid) effects plants and animals-they burn and cannot grow.
-Acid Rain in lakes reduce pH which makes them acidic and this effects the fish by causing a thickening of the mucus that lines the gills and reduces the fishes ablity to take in oxygen from the water, which eventually kills the fish.

-Carbon Monoxide is produced when Fossil fules-Cole burns with insufficient oxygen.
-Carbon Monoxide combines with Haemoglobin and forms the molecule: Carbamenohaemeglobin
 - blocks haemoglobin from carrying oxygen.

(I)GCSE Topic 4.7 Energy Efficiency

-A simple food chain would need a producer (grass), which would be eaten by the primary consumer (mice), which would be eaten by the secondary consumer (owl),
-The grass has 100kj which will be eaten by the mice but only 10kj from the original 100kj becomes part of the mice because it can only digest certain parts of the plant.
-The rest of the 90kj will be lost through respiration or faeces (undugested marerial).
-When the owl eats the mice, it will only be able to take in 1kj from the 10kj of the mice.

(I)GCSE Topic 4.6 Energy and Substances in food chains

-Producer turns light energy into chemical energy and this chemical energy takes the form of Organic Molecules including: carbohydrates, protiens, lipids.
-These molecules in the producer is food to the primary consumer; the moleculs in the primary consumer is food to the secondary consumer; the molecules in the secondary consumer is food to the tertiary consumer.
-These moleculs are composed of:
  Carbon - Hydrogen
  Carbon - Oxygen
  Carbon - Carbon
  Oxygen - Hydrogen
  Carbon - Nitrogen bonds
-These bonds all represent energy
-As the plant carries out photosynthesis, it creates the organic molecules which are the substances and contains the energy which was turned from sunlight into chemical energy.
-The substances/matter and energy are passed along the food chain.

(I)GCSE Topic 4.5 b) Food Webs

-Food Web allows us to provide a better description of the Ecosystem.
-Ecosystem is composed of the community of organisms which are interacting.
-Food Web allows us to show organisms feeding at different trophic levels.

Consiquences of feeding at different trophic levels:
  -Organisms can have multiple predators
  -Organisms feeding on multiple prey
  -This results in the foodchain becoming 'linked'.

(I)GCSE Topic 4.5 a) Food Chains

-A food chain links together the Producer, Primary Consumer, Secondary Consumer, Tertiary Consumer.

-1 organism shown per trophic level

-In a food chain you cannot show an organism being an omnivore,  or feeding at 2 trophic levels.

-Food Chains show the flow of matter and energy.

(I)GCSE Topic 4.4 Trophic Levels

- Trophic = To Feed

- Photosynthesis > Herbivore >  Carnivore > Top Carnivore

-Photosynthesis / Producer
- Herbivore / Primary Consumer
- Carnivore / Secondary Consumer
- Top Carnivore / Tertiary Consumer

- Producer turns light energy into chemical energy
- Primary Consumer takes in the chemical energy of the plant and turns it into the chemical energy of the Primary Consumer.
- Secondary Consumer changes the chemical energy of the Primary Consumer into chemical energy of the Secondary Consumer.
- Tertiary Consumers take in the molecules of the Secondary consumer and turns it into a molecule suitable for the Tertiary Consumer.